Difference between revisions of "Genesis"

From Feast upon the Word (http://feastupontheword.org). Copyright, Feast upon the Word.
Jump to: navigation, search
m (Fixing links)
(Adding historical background)
Line 18: Line 18:
 
* [[Genesis 36-50 | ''Chapters 26-50:'']] Joseph Cycle.
 
* [[Genesis 36-50 | ''Chapters 26-50:'']] Joseph Cycle.
  
The phrase "These are the generations of ______" is used to break up Genesis into its major constituent parts, as shown on [[#Complete outline and page map | the complete outline below]]. This phrase can be understood as "These are the descendants of ______," or "This is what followed after ______." This phrase introduces separate sections in the book of Genesis for Abraham and Jacob, but not for Isaac. Thus, while the phrase "Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob" appears frequently in the scriptures, including in Genesis, the book of Genesis does not include a separate cycle for Isaac.
+
The phrase "These are the generations of ______" is used to break up Genesis into its major constituent parts, as shown on [[#Complete outline and page map | the complete outline below]]. This phrase can be understood as "These are the descendants of ______," or "This is what followed after ______." This phrase introduces separate sections in the book of Genesis for Abraham and Jacob, but not for Isaac. Thus, while the phrase "Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob" appears frequently in the scriptures, including in Genesis, it is apparent from the outline below that Genesis does not include a separate cycle for Isaac.
  
 
Genesis tells the story of the origin of the world including God's covenants with all of mankind through Adam and Noah ([[Genesis 1-11 |chapters 1-11]]), the origin of God's special covenant with Abraham ([[Genesis 11-25 |chapters 11-25]]), how this covenant passed twice from father to favored sons Isaac and Jacob ([[Genesis 11-25 |chapters 11-25]], [[Genesis 25-35 | chapters 25-35]]), and how Joseph's sharing of this blessing with his brothers gave rise to the ''House'' of Israel ([[Genesis 36-50 |chapters 36-50]]).
 
Genesis tells the story of the origin of the world including God's covenants with all of mankind through Adam and Noah ([[Genesis 1-11 |chapters 1-11]]), the origin of God's special covenant with Abraham ([[Genesis 11-25 |chapters 11-25]]), how this covenant passed twice from father to favored sons Isaac and Jacob ([[Genesis 11-25 |chapters 11-25]], [[Genesis 25-35 | chapters 25-35]]), and how Joseph's sharing of this blessing with his brothers gave rise to the ''House'' of Israel ([[Genesis 36-50 |chapters 36-50]]).
Line 27: Line 27:
 
''This heading should be brief and explain facts about the historical setting that will help a reader to understand the book. Click the link above and to the right to edit or add content to this heading. →''
 
''This heading should be brief and explain facts about the historical setting that will help a reader to understand the book. Click the link above and to the right to edit or add content to this heading. →''
  
Genesis recounts the history of the world beginning with the creation through the establishment of the House of Israel, or until about 1500 BC.
+
=== Difficulties in calculating dates BC ===
  
=== Adam to Noah ===
+
The period from the Fall to the death of Joseph in Egypt roughly corresponds to 4000 BC to 1700 BC. There is no consensus, however, about the exact dating of events during that period. This difficulty can be understood by thinking of events before Christ in four groups.
  
* '''1. Adam.''' Fall in Year 0. Blessed descendants at Adam-ondi-Ahman at age 927 in Year 927 ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/dc-testament/dc/107.53?lang=eng#52 D&C 107:53]). Died at age 930 in Year 930 ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/gen/5.5?lang=eng#4 Gen 5:5]).
+
Counting backwards from Christ, there is broad scholarly consensus that Solomon reigned from 970-931 BC. From this it is not too difficult to count back and determine that Saul began to reign in 1049 BC.<ref>Steinmann, ''From Abraham to Paul'', 37-44, 106 & n.165, 111-15, noting that these dates for Solomon's reign are widely accepted as one of the principal known anchor points from which the rest of the Old Testament chronology can be calculated; Finegan, ''Handbook of Biblical Chronology'', 249-50; Thiele, ''Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings'', 67-78. See [[Old Testament: Historical Overview]] for further details on dating the reigns of Saul, David, and Solomon.</ref> Scholarly disagreement about dates more recent than 1049 BC usually involve a difference of less than five years.
  
* '''7. Enoch.''' Born in 622 when father age 162 ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/gen/5.18?lang=eng#17 Gen 5:18]). Ordained by Adam at age 25 in 647 ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/dc-testament/dc/107.48?lang=eng#47 D&C 107:48]). Adam-ondi-Ahman at age 305 in 927. Taken up with Zion at 365 752 in 987 ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/gen/5.22-23?lang=eng#21 Gen 5:22-23]).
+
Next is the date of the Exodus. There is broad scholarly consensus that the Exodus occurred in either 1250 BC or 1446 BC. But there is not a consensus about which of these two dates is correct. There is broad agreement that following the Exodus, Moses led Israel for 40 years and Joshua for about another 27 years, for a total of about 67 years. But the length of the period between Joshua and Saul, the period covered by the book of Judges, is not settled. So here one must choose between two dates that are 196 years apart. (See the lengthy footnotes at [[Old Testament: Historical Overview]] for the arguments in favor of each of these two dates).
  
* '''10. Noah.''' Born in 1056 when father age 182 ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/gen/5.28-29?lang=eng#27 Gen 5:28-29]). Ordained by Methuselah at age 10 in 1066 ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/dc-testament/dc/107.52?lang=eng#51 D&C 107:52]). Flood at age 600 in 1656 ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/gen/7.6?lang=eng#5 Gen 7:6]). Died at age 950 in 2006 ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/gen/9.29?lang=eng#28 Gen 9:29]).
+
Third is the length of time that Israel was in Egypt prior to the Exodus. There is broad scholarly consensus that the Israelite sojourn in Egypt lasted either 215 years or 430 years. But again there is not a consensus about which of these two lengths of time is correct. Here one must choose between two dates that are 215 years apart. (Again see the lengthy footnotes at [[Old Testament: Historical Overview]] for a discussion of the arguments in favor of each of these two positions).
  
* '''11. Shem.''' Born in 1558 when father age 502 ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/gen/5.32?lang=eng#31 Gen 5:32]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/gen/11.10?lang=eng#9 Gen 11:10]).<ref>Genesis states that Noah's three sons were born when Noah was age 500 ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/gen/5.32?lang=eng#31 Gen 5:32]), and that the flood occurred 100 years later when Noah was age 600 ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/gen/7.6?lang=eng#5 Gen 7:6]). However, Genesis also states that Shem's son Arphaxad was born when Shem was age 100, two years ''after'' the flood ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/gen/11.10?lang=eng#9 Gen 11:10]), which can only be true if Shem was born when Noah was age 502 rather than age 500, so that Shem was age 98 rather than age 100 during the flood. This contradiction can be resolved by treating Noah's three sons not as triplets but rather as all being born close to each other in time when Noah was about age 500, with Shem in particular being born when Noah was age 502. That approach is followed in calculating all dates on this page.</ref> Flood at age 98 in 1656 ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/gen/11.10?lang=eng#9 Gen 11:10]). Died at age 600 in 2158 ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/gen/9.29?lang=eng#28 Gen 9:29]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/gen/11.10?lang=eng#9 Gen 11:10]).
+
Fourth, there is broad consensus that according to Genesis the length of time from the Fall of Adam and Eve until Jacob moved all of his household to Egypt was 2,238 years. This number is easily derived from the genealogical and chronological data discussed in greater detail below. (Since the age difference between each father and son is given only in whole years, it is reasonable to expect that twenty rounding errors averaging half a year each could accumulate to a total error of about ten years, or a little less than one half of one percent). But there is still a choice to made here as well since the Joseph Smith Translation manuscripts make changes during the first twelve generations from Adam to Arphaxad that add another 128 years to this total. (See [[Moses]] for a discussion of those changes).
  
* '''14. Eber.''' Born in 1723 when father age 30 ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/gen/11.14?lang=eng#13 Gen 11:14]). Died at age 464 in 2187 ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/gen/11.17?lang=eng#15 Gen 11:17]).
+
Thus the calculation of the date for the Fall is (either 1250 BC or 1446 BC for the date of the Exodus) + (either 215 years or 430 years for the sojourn in Egypt) + (either 2238 years per Genesis or 2366 years per the JST) to yield eight different possible dates ranging from 3703 BC at the shortest to 4242 BC at the longest.
  
* '''15. Peleg.''' Born in 1757 when father age 34 ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/gen/11.16?lang=eng#15 Gen 11:16]). Died at age 239 in 1996 ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/gen/11.19?lang=eng#18 Gen 11:19]).
+
To sidestep these uncertainties, dates on the wiki pages addressing Genesis generally: (1) count time forward from the fall of Adam and Eve rather than trying to count backward in years BC through the period of the judges and the sojourn in Egypt; and (2) do so according to the information provided in Genesis and do not include the additional 128 years given in the JST.
  
* '''19. Terah.''' Born in 1878 when father age 29 ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/gen/11.24?lang=eng#23 Gen 11:24]). Died at age 205 in 2083 ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/gen/11.32?lang=eng#31 Gen 11:32]).
+
=== Historical overview ===
  
=== Abraham to Joseph ===
+
Purposes of this historical overview section include: (1) providing a sense of how much the lives of the patriarchs overlapped, something that is often not apparent from the way in which narrative text is divided up; and (2) providing chronological anchor points that are both verifiable and internally consistent for use when working on subpages. The historical data on this page for events prior to Abraham is merely a summary that relies upon the detailed discussion and documentation at [[Genesis 5 | Chapter 5-6a]] and [[Genesis 11 | Chapter 10-11a]]. Another detailed account from Adam to Abraham that incorporates modern revelation is located at [[Moses]]. A broader treatment of the history of ancient Israel, including Genesis, is found at [[Old Testament: Historical Overview]].
  
* '''20. Abraham.''' Born in 1948 when father age 70 ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/gen/11.26?lang=eng#25 Gen 11:26]). Died at age 175 in 2123 ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/gen/25.7?lang=eng#6 Gen 25:7]).
+
Genesis recounts the history of the world beginning with the Creation and continuing up through the establishment of the House of Israel, or through 24 generations from about 4000 BC to about 1700 BC.
  
* '''21. Isaac.''' Born in 2048 when father age 100 ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/gen/21.5?lang=eng#4 Gen 21:5]). Died at age 180 in 2228 ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/gen/35.28?lang=eng#27 Gen 35:28]).
+
:'''The Creation and the Fall'''
  
* '''22. Jacob (Israel).''' Born in 2108 when father age 60 ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/gen/25.26?lang=eng#25 Gen 25:26]). Died at age 147 in 2255 ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/gen/47.9,28?lang=eng#8 Gen 47:9, 28]).
+
Genesis 1-3 recounts the creation of the world in seven creative periods, the placement of Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden, and the Fall. There is no consensus about how long it takes for any of these events to occur.
  
* '''23. Joseph.''' Born in 2198 when father age 90 ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/gen/41.46-47?lang=eng#45 Gen 41:46-47]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/gen/45.6-11?lang=eng#5 45:6-11]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/gen/47.9,28?lang=eng#8 47:9, 28]). Died at age 110 in 2309 ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/gen/50.22-26?lang=eng#21 Gen 50:22-26]).
+
:'''Adam to Noah: Generations 1-10'''
  
0 Abraham born Gen 11:26; 21:5
+
The Fall of Adam and Eve occurs at the beginning of mankind's temporal existence upon the earth, counted here as Year 0 ([[Genesis 2-3|Chapter 2-3]]). Adam lives to age 930, which is typical for the natural age of men prior to the flood ([[Genesis 5|Chapter 5-6a]]).
10 Sarah born Gen 17:1,17
+
75 Abraham leaves Haran Gen 12:4
+
85 Abraham marries Hagar Gen 16:3
+
86 Ishmael born Gen 16:16
+
99 Abram renamed Abraham Gen 17:1,21,24
+
100 Isaac born Gen 25:26
+
137 Sarah dies Gen 23:1
+
140 Isaac marries Rebekah Gen 25:20
+
160 Jacob and Esau born Gen 25:26
+
175 Abraham dies Gen 25:7
+
200 Esau marries Gen 26:34
+
223 Ishmael dies Gen 25:17
+
236 Jacob flees to Padan Aram Gen 29:15-30
+
243 Jacob marries Leah and Rachel Gen 29:15-30
+
244 Reuben born (circa)
+
245 Simeon born (circa)
+
246 Levi born (circa)
+
247 Judah and Dan born (circa)
+
248 Naphtali born (circa)
+
249 Isaachar and Gad born (circa)
+
250 Joseph born Gen 41:46
+
250 Zebulon and Asher born (circa)
+
251 Dina born (circa) Gen 30:21
+
256 Jacob returns to Canaan Gen 31:38,41
+
264 Jacob goes to Bethel (circa) Gen 35:1
+
265 Benjamin born, Rachel dies (circa) Gen 35:16-20
+
266 Jacob settles in Mamre Gen 35:27
+
266 Judah marries Shuah (circa) Gen 38:1-2
+
267 Joseph sold into slavery Gen 37:2
+
267-77 Joseph serves Potiphar (circa) Gen 37:36
+
267 Judah's son Er born (circa) Gen 38:3
+
269 Judah's son Onan born (circa) Gen 38:4
+
271 Judah's son Shelah born (circa) Gen 38:5
+
277-80 Joseph in prison (circa) Gen 39:20
+
278 Joseph interprets dreams of baker and cupbearer Gen 41:1
+
280 Isaac dies Gen 35:28
+
280 Joseph freed from prison Gen 41:46
+
285-87 Years of plentiful harvest Gen 41:47
+
287 Judah's sons Er and Onan marry Tamar (circa) Gen 38:6-10
+
288-95 Years of famine Gen 45:11
+
288 Judah's wife Shuah dies (circa) Gen 38:12
+
289 Tamar's twin sons Pharez and Zerah born (circa) Gen 38:27-30
+
290 Jacob's family moves to Egypt Exo 12:40-41
+
307 Jacob dies Gen 47:28
+
360 Joseph dies Gen 50:22
+
  
 +
In Generation 2 Adam and Eve's wicked son Cain murders their righteous son Abel. Later they have another righteous son, Seth (130-1042), who is identified as a replacement for Abel ([[Genesis 4|Chapter 4]]).
 +
 +
Generation 7 is the only other generation prior the flood about which we have much information. Righteous Seth's descendant in Generation 7, Enoch (622-987), walks with God and is taken by God ([[Genesis 5|Chapter 5-6a]]). In contrast, wicked Cain's descendant in Generation 7, Lamech, is another murderer ([[Genesis 4|Chapter 4]]).
 +
 +
Enoch's son Methuselah (Generation 8) lives to the age of 969, dying in 1656, the same year as the flood. There is nothing to indicate whether Methuselah dies because of the flood or shortly before it occurs. Methuselah's son Lamech (Generation 9, not the descendant of Cain) lives only to the age of 777, dying in 1651 five years before the flood ([[Genesis 5|Chapter 5-6a]]).
 +
 +
Noah (Generation 10) is born in 1056, only about a hundred years after Adam dies and Enoch is taken by God. While Noah's ancestors all had birthright sons when between the ages of 65-187, Noah does not have any sons until about age 500. By this time his father Lamech and grandfather Methuselah are both well advanced in years ([[Genesis 5|Chapter 5-6a]]).
 +
 +
:'''Noah to Abraham: Generations 10-20'''
 +
 +
The flood occurs in 1656 when Noah is 600 ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/gen/7.6?lang=eng#5 Gen 7:6]). Noah's three sons are then about a hundred years old ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/gen/5.32?lang=eng#31 Gen 5:32]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/gen/11.10?lang=eng#9 Gen 11:10]).
 +
 +
After the flood, the natural lifespan of mankind rapidly decreases from more than 900 years to less than 200 years. When Abraham (Generation 20) is born in 1948, all of his male ancestors back to and including Noah are still alive. But in spite of the great difference in their ages, most die during Abraham's lifetime, and at Abraham's death in 2123 only two, Shem (Generation 11) and Eber (Generation 14), will outlive him by more than another five years. Eber, the last of Abraham's fathers, will die in 2187 at age 464. ([[Genesis 11|Chapter 11b]]).
 +
 +
The non-birthright genealogical information for the descendants of Noah emphasizes the mighty king Nimrod (Generation 13) and says that the beginning of his kingdom was Babel. While we have no specific chronological data for Nimrod, his Generation 13 peer from the birthright line, Salah, was born only 37 years after the flood in 1693 and lived for 433 years until 2126, three years after the death of Abraham (Gen 11:12, 15). Moreover, while a connection between Nimrod and the Tower of Babel incident can be reasonably inferred, the connection is not explicit. It is thus difficult to conclude anything more specific than that language was probably confounded at the Tower of Babel before Abraham was born in 1948, but perhaps at least fifty or a hundred years after the flood in 1656 ([[Genesis 10|Chapter 10-11a]]).
 +
 +
The Jaredites left from the Tower of Babel for America shortly before language was confounded, likely some time between about 1750 and 1900.
 +
 +
:'''Abraham to Joseph: Generations 20-23'''
 +
 +
::* '''This subheading needs to be tightened up as the final authoritative reference. Some dates may currently be off by a year.'''
 +
 +
Most of Genesis deals with only four generations: Abraham ([[Genesis 11-25|Chapters 11c-25a]]); Isaac; Jacob ([[Genesis 25-35|Chapters 25b-35]]); and Joseph ([[Genesis 36-50|Chapters 36-50]]).
 +
 +
Abraham (Generation 20) is born in 1948, only about three hundred years after the flood ([[Genesis 11|Chapter 11b]]). In 2023 at age 75, only seventeen years after the death of Noah, he leaves Haran in Syria for Canaan ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/gen/12.4?lang=eng#3 Gen 12:4]). In about '''When''' Abraham is blessed at age __ by Melchizedek ('''CITE''').
 +
 +
In 2033 Abraham at age 85 marries Hagar, and the next year in 2034 Ishmael (Generation 21) is born ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/gen/16.3,16?lang=eng#2 Gen 16:3, 16]). In 2047, when Abraham is age 99, the Lord changes his name from Abram to Abraham, institutes the covenant of circumcision, and promises that his birthright son Isaac will be born to Sarah ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/gen/17?lang=eng Gen 17]). Following the destruction of Sodom (Gen 18-19), Isaac (Generation 21) is born in 2048 when Abraham is age 100 ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/gen/25.26?lang=eng#25 Gen 25:26]).
 +
 +
In 2083, Terah (Generation 19) dies in Haran in Syria at age 205 ('''CITE'''). Two years later Sarah dies at age 127 when Abraham is age 137 ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/gen/17.17?lang=eng#16 Gen 17:17]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/gen/23.1?lang=eng 23:1]). Another three years later in 2088 Isaac at age 40 marries Rebekah when his father Abraham is age 140 ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/gen/25.20?lang=eng#19 Gen 25:20]).
 +
 +
After twenty years of marriage, Isaac and Rebekah have twin boys Jacob and Esau (Generation 22) in 2108 when their father Isaac is age 60 and their grandfather Abraham is age 160 ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/gen/25.26?lang=eng#25 Gen 25:26]). In 2123 Abraham (Generation 20) dies at age 175 ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/gen/25.7?lang=eng#6 Gen 25:7]).
 +
 +
In 2148 Esau at age 40 marries two Hittite women (Gen 26:34). Ten years later in 2158 Shem (Generation 11), the son of Noah, finally dies at age 600 ('''CITE'''). In 2171 Jacob and Esau's uncle Ishmael dies at age 137 (Gen 25:17). In 2187 Eber (Generation 14), the last of the long lived patriarchs, dies at age 464 ('''CITE''').
 +
 +
Meanwhile in 2184, when Jacob and Esau are age 76, Jacob tricks their elderly father Isaac age 136 into giving his birthright blessing to Jacob rather than to Esau. Jacob then flees to Padan Aram to the house of his uncle Laban ('''CITE'''). Jacob works seven years to marry Rachel, but in 2191 he is tricked into instead marrying her older sister Leah. A week later he is also given Rachel to marry and works another seven years for her (Gen 29:15-30). During these second seven years from 2191-2198 Jacob has eleven sons born to him. Levi is likely born about 2194 and Judah about 2195. Joseph (Generation 23) is born in 2198 at the conclusion of the seven years when his father Jacob is age 90 ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/gen/41.46-47?lang=eng#45 Gen 41:46-47]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/gen/45.6-11?lang=eng#5 45:6-11]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/gen/47.9,28?lang=eng#8 47:9, 28]). A daughter Dina is also born about this time ('''CITE'''; Gen 30:21-26)<ref>Steinmann; Gen 41:46, etc.</ref> Jacob then works for Laban to earn flocks during another six years, 2198-2204 ('''CITE'''). In 2204, at age 96, Jacob returns from Padan Aram to Canaan and is reconciled with his brother Esau (31:38, 41).
 +
 +
In about 2212 Jacob, about age 104, goes to Bethel (Gen 35:1). Soon after, in about 2213, Benjamin is born and Rachel dies in childbirth (Gen 35:16-20). In 2214 Jacob settles in Mamre '''where''' (Gen 35:27). About this time Judah marries Shuah ('''who is she''') and over about the next five years has three sons: Er, Onan, and Shelah (Gen 38:1-5).
 +
 +
Meanwhile in 2215 Joseph is sold into slavery at age 17 (Gen 37:2). Over the next thirteen years during 2215-2228 he first serves in Potiphar's house and then, after being falsely accused by Potiphar's wife, spends the remainder of those years in prison (Gen 39:20). While imprisoned in 2226, he interprets the dreams of pharoah's baker and cupbearer (Gen 41:1).
 +
 +
In 2228, Isaac (Generation 21) dies in Canaan at age 180 and is buried by his twin sons Jacob and Esau, age 120 ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/gen/35.28?lang=eng#27 Gen 35:28]).
 +
 +
Also in 2228 Joseph at age 30 interprets Pharoah's dream, is released from prison, and is made the second ruler over Egypt (Gen 41:46). Egypt enjoys seven years of plenty during 2229-2235 (Gen 41:47).
 +
 +
In about 2235 Judah's sons Er and Onan each marry Tamar and then die (Gen 38:6-10). Then Judah's wife Shuah also dies (Gen 38:12). When Judah refuses to let his third son Shelah marry Tamar, she seduces Judah and gives birth to twin sons Pharez and Zerah (Gen 38:27-30).
 +
 +
Egypt and Canaan both suffer seven years of famine during 2236-2242 (45:11). In 2238 during the second year of the famine, Joseph invites his father Jacob's family to move to Egypt (Exo 12:40-41).
 +
 +
In 2255, Jacob (Generation 22) dies at age 147 ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/gen/47.9,28?lang=eng#8 Gen 47:9, 28]). In 2309, Joseph (Generation 23) dies at age 110 ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/gen/50.22-26?lang=eng#21 Gen 50:22-26]).
 +
 +
The last generation to be specifically mentioned by name are Joseph's two sons, Manasseh and Ephraim (Generation 24).
  
  
Line 382: Line 388:
  
 
* Wayment, Thomas A., ed. ''The Complete Joseph Smith Translation of the Old Testament'', p. ___. Salt Lake City: Deseret Book Co., 2009. (ISBN 1606411314) BX8630.A2 2009
 
* Wayment, Thomas A., ed. ''The Complete Joseph Smith Translation of the Old Testament'', p. ___. Salt Lake City: Deseret Book Co., 2009. (ISBN 1606411314) BX8630.A2 2009
 +
 +
* Finegan, Jack. ''Handbook of Biblical Chronology: Principles of Time Reckoning in the Ancient World and and Problems of Chronology in the Bible'', revised ed. Peabody, Massachusetts: Hendrickson Pub., 1998. (ISBN 1565631439). BS637.2 .F5 1998. One of the two standard references for assigning specific dates to Old Testament events.
 +
 +
* Steinmann. Andrew E. ''From Abraham to Paul: A Biblical Chronology.'' St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 2011. (ISBN 0758627998). BS637.3 .S74 2011. Builds on the earlier work of Finegan and Thiele and may become a third standard reference; likewise addresses the difficult issues but also presents a comprehensive timeline including the easy issues.
 +
 +
* Thiele, Edwin. ''The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings,'' new revised ed. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan; Grand Rapids, Michigan: Kregel Publications, 1994. (ISBN 082543825X). BS 1335.5 .T48 1994. One of the two standard references for assigning specific dates to Old Testament events.
  
 
=== Other resources ===
 
=== Other resources ===
 +
 +
*
  
  

Revision as of 20:34, 24 February 2014

Home > The Old Testament > Genesis

Subpages: Genesis 1-11, Genesis 11-25, Genesis 25-35, Genesis 36-50

                                                                 Next page: Genesis 1-11


This page would ideally always be under construction. You are invited to contribute.


Summary

This heading should be very brief. Click the link above and to the right to edit or add content to this heading. →

Genesis is structured as a series of four major "cycles" or collections of stories. A complete outline appears further down on this page.

The phrase "These are the generations of ______" is used to break up Genesis into its major constituent parts, as shown on the complete outline below. This phrase can be understood as "These are the descendants of ______," or "This is what followed after ______." This phrase introduces separate sections in the book of Genesis for Abraham and Jacob, but not for Isaac. Thus, while the phrase "Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob" appears frequently in the scriptures, including in Genesis, it is apparent from the outline below that Genesis does not include a separate cycle for Isaac.

Genesis tells the story of the origin of the world including God's covenants with all of mankind through Adam and Noah (chapters 1-11), the origin of God's special covenant with Abraham (chapters 11-25), how this covenant passed twice from father to favored sons Isaac and Jacob (chapters 11-25, chapters 25-35), and how Joseph's sharing of this blessing with his brothers gave rise to the House of Israel (chapters 36-50).


Historical setting

This heading should be brief and explain facts about the historical setting that will help a reader to understand the book. Click the link above and to the right to edit or add content to this heading. →

Difficulties in calculating dates BC

The period from the Fall to the death of Joseph in Egypt roughly corresponds to 4000 BC to 1700 BC. There is no consensus, however, about the exact dating of events during that period. This difficulty can be understood by thinking of events before Christ in four groups.

Counting backwards from Christ, there is broad scholarly consensus that Solomon reigned from 970-931 BC. From this it is not too difficult to count back and determine that Saul began to reign in 1049 BC.[1] Scholarly disagreement about dates more recent than 1049 BC usually involve a difference of less than five years.

Next is the date of the Exodus. There is broad scholarly consensus that the Exodus occurred in either 1250 BC or 1446 BC. But there is not a consensus about which of these two dates is correct. There is broad agreement that following the Exodus, Moses led Israel for 40 years and Joshua for about another 27 years, for a total of about 67 years. But the length of the period between Joshua and Saul, the period covered by the book of Judges, is not settled. So here one must choose between two dates that are 196 years apart. (See the lengthy footnotes at Old Testament: Historical Overview for the arguments in favor of each of these two dates).

Third is the length of time that Israel was in Egypt prior to the Exodus. There is broad scholarly consensus that the Israelite sojourn in Egypt lasted either 215 years or 430 years. But again there is not a consensus about which of these two lengths of time is correct. Here one must choose between two dates that are 215 years apart. (Again see the lengthy footnotes at Old Testament: Historical Overview for a discussion of the arguments in favor of each of these two positions).

Fourth, there is broad consensus that according to Genesis the length of time from the Fall of Adam and Eve until Jacob moved all of his household to Egypt was 2,238 years. This number is easily derived from the genealogical and chronological data discussed in greater detail below. (Since the age difference between each father and son is given only in whole years, it is reasonable to expect that twenty rounding errors averaging half a year each could accumulate to a total error of about ten years, or a little less than one half of one percent). But there is still a choice to made here as well since the Joseph Smith Translation manuscripts make changes during the first twelve generations from Adam to Arphaxad that add another 128 years to this total. (See Moses for a discussion of those changes).

Thus the calculation of the date for the Fall is (either 1250 BC or 1446 BC for the date of the Exodus) + (either 215 years or 430 years for the sojourn in Egypt) + (either 2238 years per Genesis or 2366 years per the JST) to yield eight different possible dates ranging from 3703 BC at the shortest to 4242 BC at the longest.

To sidestep these uncertainties, dates on the wiki pages addressing Genesis generally: (1) count time forward from the fall of Adam and Eve rather than trying to count backward in years BC through the period of the judges and the sojourn in Egypt; and (2) do so according to the information provided in Genesis and do not include the additional 128 years given in the JST.

Historical overview

Purposes of this historical overview section include: (1) providing a sense of how much the lives of the patriarchs overlapped, something that is often not apparent from the way in which narrative text is divided up; and (2) providing chronological anchor points that are both verifiable and internally consistent for use when working on subpages. The historical data on this page for events prior to Abraham is merely a summary that relies upon the detailed discussion and documentation at Chapter 5-6a and Chapter 10-11a. Another detailed account from Adam to Abraham that incorporates modern revelation is located at Moses. A broader treatment of the history of ancient Israel, including Genesis, is found at Old Testament: Historical Overview.

Genesis recounts the history of the world beginning with the Creation and continuing up through the establishment of the House of Israel, or through 24 generations from about 4000 BC to about 1700 BC.

The Creation and the Fall

Genesis 1-3 recounts the creation of the world in seven creative periods, the placement of Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden, and the Fall. There is no consensus about how long it takes for any of these events to occur.

Adam to Noah: Generations 1-10

The Fall of Adam and Eve occurs at the beginning of mankind's temporal existence upon the earth, counted here as Year 0 (Chapter 2-3). Adam lives to age 930, which is typical for the natural age of men prior to the flood (Chapter 5-6a).

In Generation 2 Adam and Eve's wicked son Cain murders their righteous son Abel. Later they have another righteous son, Seth (130-1042), who is identified as a replacement for Abel (Chapter 4).

Generation 7 is the only other generation prior the flood about which we have much information. Righteous Seth's descendant in Generation 7, Enoch (622-987), walks with God and is taken by God (Chapter 5-6a). In contrast, wicked Cain's descendant in Generation 7, Lamech, is another murderer (Chapter 4).

Enoch's son Methuselah (Generation 8) lives to the age of 969, dying in 1656, the same year as the flood. There is nothing to indicate whether Methuselah dies because of the flood or shortly before it occurs. Methuselah's son Lamech (Generation 9, not the descendant of Cain) lives only to the age of 777, dying in 1651 five years before the flood (Chapter 5-6a).

Noah (Generation 10) is born in 1056, only about a hundred years after Adam dies and Enoch is taken by God. While Noah's ancestors all had birthright sons when between the ages of 65-187, Noah does not have any sons until about age 500. By this time his father Lamech and grandfather Methuselah are both well advanced in years (Chapter 5-6a).

Noah to Abraham: Generations 10-20

The flood occurs in 1656 when Noah is 600 (Gen 7:6). Noah's three sons are then about a hundred years old (Gen 5:32; Gen 11:10).

After the flood, the natural lifespan of mankind rapidly decreases from more than 900 years to less than 200 years. When Abraham (Generation 20) is born in 1948, all of his male ancestors back to and including Noah are still alive. But in spite of the great difference in their ages, most die during Abraham's lifetime, and at Abraham's death in 2123 only two, Shem (Generation 11) and Eber (Generation 14), will outlive him by more than another five years. Eber, the last of Abraham's fathers, will die in 2187 at age 464. (Chapter 11b).

The non-birthright genealogical information for the descendants of Noah emphasizes the mighty king Nimrod (Generation 13) and says that the beginning of his kingdom was Babel. While we have no specific chronological data for Nimrod, his Generation 13 peer from the birthright line, Salah, was born only 37 years after the flood in 1693 and lived for 433 years until 2126, three years after the death of Abraham (Gen 11:12, 15). Moreover, while a connection between Nimrod and the Tower of Babel incident can be reasonably inferred, the connection is not explicit. It is thus difficult to conclude anything more specific than that language was probably confounded at the Tower of Babel before Abraham was born in 1948, but perhaps at least fifty or a hundred years after the flood in 1656 (Chapter 10-11a).

The Jaredites left from the Tower of Babel for America shortly before language was confounded, likely some time between about 1750 and 1900.

Abraham to Joseph: Generations 20-23
  • This subheading needs to be tightened up as the final authoritative reference. Some dates may currently be off by a year.

Most of Genesis deals with only four generations: Abraham (Chapters 11c-25a); Isaac; Jacob (Chapters 25b-35); and Joseph (Chapters 36-50).

Abraham (Generation 20) is born in 1948, only about three hundred years after the flood (Chapter 11b). In 2023 at age 75, only seventeen years after the death of Noah, he leaves Haran in Syria for Canaan (Gen 12:4). In about When Abraham is blessed at age __ by Melchizedek (CITE).

In 2033 Abraham at age 85 marries Hagar, and the next year in 2034 Ishmael (Generation 21) is born (Gen 16:3, 16). In 2047, when Abraham is age 99, the Lord changes his name from Abram to Abraham, institutes the covenant of circumcision, and promises that his birthright son Isaac will be born to Sarah (Gen 17). Following the destruction of Sodom (Gen 18-19), Isaac (Generation 21) is born in 2048 when Abraham is age 100 (Gen 25:26).

In 2083, Terah (Generation 19) dies in Haran in Syria at age 205 (CITE). Two years later Sarah dies at age 127 when Abraham is age 137 (Gen 17:17; 23:1). Another three years later in 2088 Isaac at age 40 marries Rebekah when his father Abraham is age 140 (Gen 25:20).

After twenty years of marriage, Isaac and Rebekah have twin boys Jacob and Esau (Generation 22) in 2108 when their father Isaac is age 60 and their grandfather Abraham is age 160 (Gen 25:26). In 2123 Abraham (Generation 20) dies at age 175 (Gen 25:7).

In 2148 Esau at age 40 marries two Hittite women (Gen 26:34). Ten years later in 2158 Shem (Generation 11), the son of Noah, finally dies at age 600 (CITE). In 2171 Jacob and Esau's uncle Ishmael dies at age 137 (Gen 25:17). In 2187 Eber (Generation 14), the last of the long lived patriarchs, dies at age 464 (CITE).

Meanwhile in 2184, when Jacob and Esau are age 76, Jacob tricks their elderly father Isaac age 136 into giving his birthright blessing to Jacob rather than to Esau. Jacob then flees to Padan Aram to the house of his uncle Laban (CITE). Jacob works seven years to marry Rachel, but in 2191 he is tricked into instead marrying her older sister Leah. A week later he is also given Rachel to marry and works another seven years for her (Gen 29:15-30). During these second seven years from 2191-2198 Jacob has eleven sons born to him. Levi is likely born about 2194 and Judah about 2195. Joseph (Generation 23) is born in 2198 at the conclusion of the seven years when his father Jacob is age 90 (Gen 41:46-47; 45:6-11; 47:9, 28). A daughter Dina is also born about this time (CITE; Gen 30:21-26)[2] Jacob then works for Laban to earn flocks during another six years, 2198-2204 (CITE). In 2204, at age 96, Jacob returns from Padan Aram to Canaan and is reconciled with his brother Esau (31:38, 41).

In about 2212 Jacob, about age 104, goes to Bethel (Gen 35:1). Soon after, in about 2213, Benjamin is born and Rachel dies in childbirth (Gen 35:16-20). In 2214 Jacob settles in Mamre where (Gen 35:27). About this time Judah marries Shuah (who is she) and over about the next five years has three sons: Er, Onan, and Shelah (Gen 38:1-5).

Meanwhile in 2215 Joseph is sold into slavery at age 17 (Gen 37:2). Over the next thirteen years during 2215-2228 he first serves in Potiphar's house and then, after being falsely accused by Potiphar's wife, spends the remainder of those years in prison (Gen 39:20). While imprisoned in 2226, he interprets the dreams of pharoah's baker and cupbearer (Gen 41:1).

In 2228, Isaac (Generation 21) dies in Canaan at age 180 and is buried by his twin sons Jacob and Esau, age 120 (Gen 35:28).

Also in 2228 Joseph at age 30 interprets Pharoah's dream, is released from prison, and is made the second ruler over Egypt (Gen 41:46). Egypt enjoys seven years of plenty during 2229-2235 (Gen 41:47).

In about 2235 Judah's sons Er and Onan each marry Tamar and then die (Gen 38:6-10). Then Judah's wife Shuah also dies (Gen 38:12). When Judah refuses to let his third son Shelah marry Tamar, she seduces Judah and gives birth to twin sons Pharez and Zerah (Gen 38:27-30).

Egypt and Canaan both suffer seven years of famine during 2236-2242 (45:11). In 2238 during the second year of the famine, Joseph invites his father Jacob's family to move to Egypt (Exo 12:40-41).

In 2255, Jacob (Generation 22) dies at age 147 (Gen 47:9, 28). In 2309, Joseph (Generation 23) dies at age 110 (Gen 50:22-26).

The last generation to be specifically mentioned by name are Joseph's two sons, Manasseh and Ephraim (Generation 24).


Discussion

This heading is for more detailed discussions of all or part of a passage. Discussion may include the meaning of a particular word, how a doctrinal point is developed throughout the passage, insights to be developed in the future, and other items. Contributions may range from polished paragraphs down to a single bullet point. The focus, however, should always be on understanding the scriptural text consistent with LDS doctrine. Click the link above and to the right to edit or add content to this heading. →


Points to ponder

This heading is for prompts that suggest ways in which all or part of this passage can influence a person's life. Click the link above and to the right to edit or add content to this heading. →


I have a question

This heading is for unanswered questions and is an important part of the continual effort to improve this wiki. Please do not be shy, as even a basic or "stupid" question can identify things that need to be improved on this page. Click the link above and to the right to edit or add content to this heading. →


Relation to other scriptures

This heading is for notes about the relationship of this book to other sections and passages. Click the link above and to the right to edit or add content to this heading. →

Related scriptures

  • The relationship of Genesis to other books of the Old Testament, including to the rest of the five books of Moses, is addressed at Old Testament: Organization.
  • The Book of Moses in the Pearl of Great Price is the Joseph Smith translation of Genesis 1:1-6:13.

Parallel passages

Text transmission

Joseph Smith Translation

The Joseph Smith Translation made changes to ___, or more than ___, of the 1,533 verses in Genesis. With so many changes, readers just have to constantly consult the Joseph Smith Translation. Most significant changes are incorporated into the LDS edition of the Bible. All changes are noted in Wayment's Complete Joseph Smith Translation of the Bible.[3]


Complete outline and page map

This heading contains an outline for the entire book. Items in blue or purple text indicate hyperlinked pages that address specific portions of this section. Click the link above and to the right to edit or add content to this heading. →


Genesis


I. Adam-Noah Cycle (Genesis 1-11)

Book 1: "In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth ..." (1:1)
A. The creation (Chapter 1)
• Day 1: sun (1:1-5)
• Day 2: firmament (1:6-8)
• Day 3: dry land and plant life (1:9-13)
• Day 4: lights in the sky: sun, moon, and stars (1:14-19)
• Day 5: fish and birds (1:20-23)
• Day 6: land animals and mankind (1:24-31)
• Day 7: Sabbath rest (2:1-3)
Book 2: "These are the generations of the heavens and of the earth ..." (2:4)
B. The fall (Chapter 2-3)
a. Adam, placed in Garden, commanded not to eat tree of knowledge (2:4-17)
b. Lord says not good to be alone, Eve, unaware naked (2:18-25)
c. serpent induces Eve to transgress by eating fruit (3:1-5)
d. Adam & Eve eat and discover nakedness (3:6-7)
c. where art thou? Adam & Eve admit eating fruit (3:8-13)
b. Lord pronounces curses, ground cursed for man’s sake, coats (3:14-21)
a. Adam and Eve know good from evil, driven from Garden, prevented from eating of tree of life (3:22-24)
C. Non-birthright line: Cain and Lamech (Chapter 4)
1. Cain and Abel born (4:1-2)
2. Cain kills Abel (4:3-16)
a. Lord accepts Abel’s offering of sheep, but not Cain’s of produce (4:3-5)
c. Lord warns Cain not to sin (4:6-7)
d. Cain kills Abel (4:8)
c. where is Abel? Cain denies knowledge of his brother (4:9)
b. Cain cursed as a fugitive, ground cursed against him (4:10-12)
a. Cain driven from God and man, mark to prevent vengeance (4:13-16)
2. Lamech's genealogy, kills Irad (4:17-24)
• genealogical list of Lamech’s ancestors (4:17-18)
• genealogical list of Lamech’s descendants (4:19-22)
• Lamech kills and will be avenged even as Cain (4:23-24)
1. Seth as a son in place of Abel, and Seth’s son (4:25-26)
Book 3: "This is the book of the generations of Adam ..." (5:1)
D. Birthright genealogy: Adam to Noah's three sons (Chapter 5-6a)
• genealogical list for generations 1-10 (5:1-32)
• wickedness of the sons of God (6:1-8)
Book 4: "These are the generations of Noah ..." (6:9)
A-B. Re-creation through the flood (Chapter 6b-9)
a. earth corrupt, Lord repents of creation and plans destruction (6:9-13)
b. told to build ark, covenant to be established with Noah (6:14-22)
c. enter ark, flood begins, waters rise, 7 + 40 + 150 days (7:1-24)
c. waters recede, flood ends, leave ark, 150 + 40 + 7 + 7 days (8:1-19)
b. ground no longer cursed, told to multiply and replenish earth, covenant of rainbow to not again flood (8:20-9:17)
a. Noah unaware naked, curses son Ham (and his son Canaan) (9:18-29)
Book 5: "Now these are the generations of the sons of Noah: Shem, Ham and Japheth ..." (10:1)
C. Non-birthright line: Nimrod and Babel (Chapter 10-11a)
• genealogical list, especially Nimrod king of Babel (10:1-32)
• Tower of Babel (11:1-9)
Book 6: "These are the generations of Shem [Noah's son] ..." (11:10)
D. Birthright genealogy: Shem to Terah's three sons (Chapter 11b)
• genealogical list for generations 11-20 (11:10-26)


II. Abraham Cycle (Genesis 12-25a)

Book 7: "Now these are the generations of Terah [Abraham’s father] ..." (11:27)
• Abraham travels to Haran, Canaan, and Egypt (Chapters 11c-12)
• Haran: descendants and death of Terah (11:27-32)
• Canaan: promises to Abraham of posterity and land (12:1-9)
• Egypt: Pharoah misled and takes Sarah into his house (12:10-20)
• Abraham and Lot in Canaan (Chapter 13-14)
• Abraham and Lot separate (13:1-18)
• Abraham and Lot travel from Egypt to Canaan (13:1-6)
• Lot chooses the plain of Jordan (13:7-13)
• Abraham promised the land of Canaan (13:14-18)
• Abraham rescues Lot (14:1-24)
• Sodom's failed rebellion (14:1-12)
• Abraham rescues Lot (14:13-16)
• Abraham blessed by Melchizedek (14:17-20)
• Abraham refuses reward from Sodom (14:21-24)
Abrahamic covenant renewed (Chapter 15)
• descendants (15:1-6)
• land (15:7-21)
Birth of Ishmael (Chapter 16)
• Hagar given to Abraham, conceives, despises Sarah, and flees from Sarah (16:1-6)
• angel tells Hagar to return, promise re: Ishmael (16:7-14)
• birth of Ishmael (16:15-16)
Covenant of circumcision (Chapter 17)
• promise of descendants and land (17:1-8)
• sign of circumcision (17:9-14)
• Sarah promised a covenant son, Isaac (17:15-22)
• Abraham circumcised (17:23-27)
• Destruction of Sodom (Chapter 18-19)
• Abraham and the destruction of Sodom (18:1-33)
• Abraham entertains visitors (18:1-8)
• Sarah promised a son (18:9-15)
• destruction of Sodom foretold (18:16-22)
• Abraham pleads for Sodom (18:23-33)
• Lot and the destruction of Sodom (19:1-38)
• Lot entertains visitors (19:1-3)
• men of Sodom seek to abuse visitors (19:4-11)
• visitors warn Lot to flee destruction of Sodom (19:12-16)
• Lot pleads for Zoar (19:17-23)
• destruction of Sodom (19:24-29)
• birth of Lot's two sons Moab and Ammon (19:30-38)
• Abraham and Abimelech reconciled (Chapter 20)
• Abimelech misled and takes Sarah into his house (20:1-7)
• Abimelech confronts Abraham (20:8-13)
• Abimelech and Abraham reconciled (20:14-18)
• Birth of Isaac (Chapter 21a)
• birth of Isaac (21:1-8)
• Ishmael mocks, Sarah says to cast out Hagar and Ishmael (21:9-11)
• God tells Abraham to allow, promise re: Ishmael (21:12-13)
• angel helps Hagar to find water (21:14-21)
• Treaty of peace with Abimelech, dispute over wells resolved (Chapter 21b)
• Abraham offers Isaac in sacrifice (Chapter 22a)
• Birth of Rebekah (Chapter 22b)
• Sarah dies, Abraham purchases cave for burial (Chapter 23)
• Abraham obtains a covenant wife for his son Isaac (Chapter 24)
• Abraham commissions his servant (24:1-9)
• the servant's prayer at the well (24:10-14)
• Rebekah at the well (24:15-28)
• Laban provides for the servant (24:29-32)
• the servant's account (24:33-49)
• Rebekah returns with the servant (24:50-61)
• Isaac and Rebekah marry (24:62-67)
• Abraham's other children and death (Chapter 25a)
• Abraham's children by Keturah (25:1-6)
• Abraham dies (25:7-11)


III. Jacob Cycle (Genesis 25b-35)

Book 8: "Now these are the generations of Ishmael, Abraham's son ..." (25:12)
Descendants of Ishmael (Chapter 25b)
genealogical list (25:12-18)
Book 9: "And these are the generations of Isaac, Abraham's son ..." (25:19)
A. Father Isaac in Canaan (Chapter 25c-26)
Rebekah struggles in childbirth of Esau and Jacob (25:19-26)
Jacob purchases Esau’s birthright (25:27-34)
Isaac's covenants with God and king (26:1-33)
a. Abrahamic covenant given to Isaac (26:1-5)
b. Rebekah taken as wife by king Abimelech (26:6-11)
b. Philistines ask Isaac to depart (26:12-17)
c. Disputes with Philistines over wells (26:18-22)
a. Abrahamic covenant renewed with Isaac (26:23-25)
b. Covenant of peace with king Abimelech (26:26-31)
c. Well at Beersheba (26:32-33)
B. Jacob and Esau in conflict (Chapter 27-28)
Jacob obtains Isaac’s favored blessing by trick, flees (26:34-28:9)
a. Esau’s non-covenant marriages (26:34-35)
b. Isaac plans to bless Esau (27:1-5)
c. Rebekah arranges for Isaac to bless Jacob (27:6-17)
d. Isaac unwittingly blesses Jacob (27:18-29)
d. Isaac confirms Jacob’s blessing, then blesses Esau (27:30-40)
c. Rebekah arranges for Isaac to send Jacob to Haran (27:41-46)
b. Isaac sends Jacob to Haran for a covenant wife (28:1-5)
a. Esau's covenant marriage (28:6-9)
Abrahamic covenant given to Jacob (Jacob's ladder) (28:10-22)
C. Jacob and Laban (Chapter 29-31)
a. Laban tricks Jacob re wife (29:1-30)
b. Jacob blessed with children (29:31-30:24)
b. Jacob blessed with flocks (30:25-43)
a. Jacob flees Laban and is reconciled (31:1-55)
B. Jacob and Esau reconciled (Chapter 32-33)
Jacob gives gifts to Esau (32:1-23)
Jacob's name changed to Israel (Jacob wrestles) (32:24-32)
Jacob reconciled with Esau (33:1-20)
A. Father Jacob in Canaan (Chapter 34-35)
Dina to marry king's son, brothers break covenant with king and kill city (34:1-31)
Abrahamic covenant renewed at Bethel (35:1-15)
Births, Rachel and Jacob die (35:16-29)
• Rachel dies in childbirth (35:16-20)
• Reuben's adultery (35:21-22a)
• Jacob's sons (35:22b-26)
• Jacob dies (35:27-29)


IV. Joseph Cycle (Genesis 36-50)

Book 10: "Now these are the generations of Esau ..." (36:1)
Book 11: "And these are the generations of Esau ..." (36:9)
Descendants of Esau (Chapter 36)
genealogical lists (36:1-43)
Book 12: "These are the generations of Jacob ..." (37:2)
A. Joseph's worthiness and suffering (Chapters 37-41a)
a. Joseph's two dreams that brothers will serve him (37:1-11)
a. Brothers' three plans to be rid of Joseph (37:12-36)
b. Judah poor steward, Tamar (38:1-30)
b. Joseph good steward, Potiphar's wife (39:1-23)
c. Joseph interprets two prisoner dreams (40:1-23)
c. Joseph interprets two pharoah dreams (41:1-45)
B. Joseph saves Israel with the resources of Egypt (Chapters 41b-47a)
a. Egyptians pay all their gold for grain in 1st year (41:46-57)
b. brothers pay for grain 1st year, Simeon unwilling hostage (42:1-38)
c. brothers return to Egypt with Benjamin in 2nd year (43:1-14)
d. brothers eat with Joseph (43:15-34)
e. Joseph’s cup in Benjamin’s sack, brothers agree to serve Joseph (44:1-17)
d. Judah a willing ransom, Joseph revealed (44:18-34)
c. Jacob’s family invited to Egypt (45:1-28)
b. Jacob’s family given resources in Egypt in 2nd year (46:1-47:12)
a. Egyptians pay herds, lands, and themselves for grain in 2nd year (47:13-26)
A. Blessings and burials (Chapters 47b-50)
Jacob blesses his posterity (47:27-49:33)
a. Jacob desires to be buried in Canaan (47:27-31)
b. Jacob blesses Joseph's sons (48:1-22)
b. Jacob blesses his own sons (49:1-28)
a. Jacob desires to be buried in Canaan (49:29-32)
Jacob and Joseph Die (50:1-26)
a. Jacob is buried in Canaan (50:1-14)
b. brothers fear retribution, again agree to serve Joseph (50:15-21)
a. Joseph desires to be buried in Canaan and dies (50:22-26)


Resources

This heading is for listing links and print resources, including those cited in the notes. A short comment about the particular strengths of a resource can be helpful. Click the link above and to the right to edit or add content to this heading. →

Translations

  • Amplified • The Amplified Bible, 1987 update
  • NASB • New American Standard Bible, 1995 update
  • NIV • New International Version
  • RSV • Revised Standard Version

Cited references

  • Wayment, Thomas A., ed. The Complete Joseph Smith Translation of the Old Testament, p. ___. Salt Lake City: Deseret Book Co., 2009. (ISBN 1606411314) BX8630.A2 2009
  • Finegan, Jack. Handbook of Biblical Chronology: Principles of Time Reckoning in the Ancient World and and Problems of Chronology in the Bible, revised ed. Peabody, Massachusetts: Hendrickson Pub., 1998. (ISBN 1565631439). BS637.2 .F5 1998. One of the two standard references for assigning specific dates to Old Testament events.
  • Steinmann. Andrew E. From Abraham to Paul: A Biblical Chronology. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 2011. (ISBN 0758627998). BS637.3 .S74 2011. Builds on the earlier work of Finegan and Thiele and may become a third standard reference; likewise addresses the difficult issues but also presents a comprehensive timeline including the easy issues.
  • Thiele, Edwin. The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings, new revised ed. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan; Grand Rapids, Michigan: Kregel Publications, 1994. (ISBN 082543825X). BS 1335.5 .T48 1994. One of the two standard references for assigning specific dates to Old Testament events.

Other resources


Notes

Footnotes are not required but are encouraged for factual assertions that average readers cannot easily evaluate for themselves, such as the date of King Solomon’s death or the nuanced definition of a Greek word. In contrast, insights rarely benefit from footnoting, and the focus of this page should always remain on the scriptures themselves rather than what someone has said about them. Links are actively encouraged on all sections of this page, and links to authoritative sources are preferable to footnotes.

  1. Steinmann, From Abraham to Paul, 37-44, 106 & n.165, 111-15, noting that these dates for Solomon's reign are widely accepted as one of the principal known anchor points from which the rest of the Old Testament chronology can be calculated; Finegan, Handbook of Biblical Chronology, 249-50; Thiele, Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings, 67-78. See Old Testament: Historical Overview for further details on dating the reigns of Saul, David, and Solomon.
  2. Steinmann; Gen 41:46, etc.
  3. Wayment, The Complete Joseph Smith Translation of the Old Testament, p. 1-113.



                                                                 Next page: Genesis 1-11