Exodus

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Home > The Old Testament > Exodus

Subpages:  Chapters 1-7a  •  7b-15a  •  15b-18  •  19-24a  •  24b-31  •  32-34  •  35-40

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Summary

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Relationship to Old Testament. The relationship of Exodus to the Old Testament as a whole, and to the five books of Moses in particular, is discussed at Old Testament: Organization.

Outline. An outline of the complete book of Exodus is found below at Outline and page map.

Story. Exodus is comprised of two halves, which can be can be thought of as further subdividing into eight major sections:

I. Israel Enslaved, Delivered, and Gathered (Exodus 1-18)
  • Chapters 1-2: Moses is delivered from Pharaoh. Israel is enslaved in Egypt. Moses is saved from Pharaoh's command that all male Israelite babies be killed at birth. Moses is raised in Pharaoh's court, but then flees from Pharaoh in Egypt to Midian.
  • Chapters 3-7a: Moses is commissioned to deliver Israel. Israel cries to God for deliverance. God calls Moses to deliver Israel. Pharaoh refuses Moses' request to free the Israelites.
  • Chapters 7b-15a: Israel is delivered from Egypt. Egypt suffers through the ten plagues upon Egypt, including the death of all firstborn on the night of Passover, Pharaoh agrees to let Israel go. He then changes his mind and pursues Israel to the shore of the Red Sea. Israel crosses the Red Sea upon dry ground. Pharaoh and his army are drowned when they try to follow.
  • Chapters 15b-18: Journey to Sinai. Israel complains that it will die of hunger and thirst in the wilderness. The Lord provides manna, quail, and water. This is the beginning (concluded in Numbers) of the ten times that Israel will test the Lord. Israel is attacked by Amalek and prevails while Aaron and Hur hold Moses' arms upraised. Moses's father in law Jethro counsels him to delegate responsibility to lesser judges.
II. Sinai Covenant: Israel commissioned to be the Lord's people (Exodus 19-40)
  • Chapters 19-24a: Sinai Covenant Established. The Lord gives the Ten Commandments, the commandment that all males appear for three annual feasts, and other rules.
  • Chapters 24b-31: Plans for the Ark, Tabernacle, and Priests. The Lord gives the plans for the Ark of the Covenant, the Tabernacle, and for the priest's office.
  • Chapters 32-34: Sinai Covenant Broken and Renewed. While Moses is up on the mountain, Israel makes and worships the golden calf. Moses intercedes for Israel, and the Sinai covenant is renewed.
  • Chapters 35-40: Implementing the Ark, Tabernacle, and Priests. Israel builds the Ark of the Covenant and the Tabernacle and installs the priests as previously instructed by the Lord. The glory of the Lord fills the Tabernacle.

Message. Themes, symbols, and doctrinal points emphasized in Exodus include:

  • Sinai Covenant. The Sinai Covenant between God and Israel.

Historical setting

This section should be brief and explain facts about the historical setting that will help a reader to understand the book. Click the "edit" link to edit or add content to this section. →

Because the events of the Exodus related in the books of Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy are so closely related, a single combined discussion of the historical setting of all four books is located on this page.

The discussion on this page builds upon the conclusion stated in the broader treatment of Israel's history at Historical Overview of the Old Testament (and discussed in the first several footnotes of that page) that the Exodus occurred in 1446 BC and that the House of Israel was in Egypt for a total of 430 years.

The events related in Exodus - Deuteronomy fall into four time periods:

1. The Back Story before Moses's Call.

Semitic culture and language dominated the Fertile Crescent, including both Ur of the Chaldees where Abraham was raised, and the land of Canaan from which the House of Israel moved to Egypt. CITE.

Joseph was sold into slavery in Egypt in 1899 BC during Egypt's 12th dynasty.[1] In 1876 BC Joseph set up his father's family, the House of Israel, at Goshen in a choice region of the fertile Nile delta (Gen __). The Israelites, who were non-Egyptian Semites, soon became very numerous (Gen __).

In the mid 1700's BC the Egyptian Nile delta was invaded by the Hyksos, who it is generally believed were also non-Egyptian Semites from the Fertile Crescent. The Hyksos invasion initiated two centuries of political instability and internal warfare known as Egypt's Second Intermediate Period. Kamose, the last king of the 17th dynasty, is generally given credit for finally driving out the Hyksos invaders. His brother Ahmose then founded the 18th dynasty and initiated the New Kingdom period of much greater political stability. This history explains why an 18th dynasty Egyptian king or Pharaoh would be concerned during the next century (mid 1500's to mid 1400's BC) about a large population of Semites (the Israelites) who were still living in the Nile delta.[2]

It seems likely (but is not certain) that oppression of the Israelites (Ex. 1:8-2:10) began under Ahmose (ruled 1539-1515) after the Hyksos had been removed as a military threat. During Ahmose's reign, Aaron was born in 1529 BC, and Moses was born three years later in 1526 BC (Ex. 7:7; Num 33:39; Deut 34:7).[3]

Forty years later, following Moses's murder of the Egyptian, Moses fled to Midian at age 40 (Ex. 2:11-22; Acts 7:23) in about 1486 BC, or during the reign of Thutmose I (r. 1493-1483). Caleb was also born about this time 1485 BC (Josh 14:7).[4]

Moses spent the next 40 years in Midian as Jethro's son in law. (Ex. __).

2. Years 1-2: The Sinai Covenant with Generation 1.

In late 1447, when Moses was about 80, God spoke to him out of the burning bush and commissioned him to deliver Israel out of oppression in Egypt. (Ex. __).Pharaoh at this time would have been either Thutmose III (r. 1479-1425 BC according to the Low Chronology) or Amenhotep II (r. 1454-1428 BC according to the High Chronology).[5]

The Ten Plagues upon Egypt likely began in January or February 1446 BC, placing the 7th and 8th plagues of hail and locusts when they would do the most damage shortly before the grain harvest that began in March (Ex 9:13-10:20). The plagues ended with the death of all firstborn on the night of 14 Nisan / Month 1 in March-April 1446 BC. Israel departed Egypt the next morning on Month 1 / Nisan, Day 15. (Ex 12:29-32, Num 33:3-4).

The events at Mount Sinai related in the second half of Exodus occurred during Year 1, Months 3-12. _____

The events related in Leviticus all occurred during the month between Year 2, Month 1, Day 1 (Ex 40:17) and Year 2, Month 2, Day 1. (Num 1:1).

The account in Numbers 7-10a overlaps with the last chapter of Exodus and with Leviticus. These chapters in Numbers jump backward a month in time to recount the offerings given by each of each of the Twelve Tribes at the dedication of the Tabernacle during Year 2, Month 1, Days 1-12 (Num 7:1, 10-12, 78), and to the keeping of the Passover on Year 2, Month 1, Day 14 (Num 9:1, 6), the first anniversary of Israel's deliverance from Egypt.[6]

The account in Numbers 1-6 begins with a military census of the men of Israel who are of fighting age. This instruction is received on Year 2, Month 2, Day 1 (Num 1:1), only a month after the Tabernacle was erected at the end of Exodus (Ex 40:17). A census is also taken of Levite men who are of appropriate age for religious service, and arrangements are specified for setting up camp around the Tabernacle and for traveling as a host (Num 3-4).

The account in Numbers 10b-15 picks up the story on Year 2, Month 2, Day 20 (Num 10:11), 20 days after the first military census at the beginning of the book of Numbers. On this day Israel breaks camp and moves out from Mount Sinai after entering into the Sinai Covenant with God (Ex 19-24, 32-34), erecting the Tabernacle (Ex 35-40), installing the priests (Lev 8-10, Num 8), and being organized (Num 1-4). The subsequent events related during Year 2 consist of a series of rebellions by Israel. This culminates in the refusal by Israel to go up and possess the Promised Land of Canaan. In response God decrees that Israel shall wander in the desert for 40 years and that no one in this rebellious Generation 1 who is above the age of 20 (except for Joshua and Caleb) will live to enter the Promised Land (Num 13-14).

3. Years 3-39: Forty Years of Wandering and Transition. The next 38 years are covered in only five chapters that are entirely lacking in information about dates (Numbers 16-19). The principal story during this time is of Korah, who leads a rebellion against the authority of Moses and Aaron (Num 16).

4. Year 40: The Renewed Covenant with Generation 2. The account in Numbers 20-25 relates how Israel's rebellions continued all the way into at least the middle of the 40th and last year of wandering. This account begins with the deaths of Moses's sister Miriam in Year 40, Month 1 (Num 20:1) and Moses's brother Aaron on Year 40, Month 5, Day 1 (Num 20:29; 33:38). These deaths are followed by more rebellions. The last occurs at Baal-Peor in which Israel engages in idolatry and fornication with Midianites, and as a result 24,000 Israelites die of plague and others are executed (Num 25:1-9). During this time the prophet Balaam also blesses Israel against its enemies (Num 22-24).

The account in Numbers 26-36 tells how Israel prepared to finally enter the Promised Land, during no more than six months in the second half of Year 40, once all of the rebellious Generation 1 had finally passed away. Following the plague at Baal-Peor, a second military census is taken of the men of Israel who are of fighting age. The report of the census includes the fact that no one of the rebellious Generation 1 is still alive in Israel (except for Joshua and Caleb) (Num 26:64-65). With Israel now composed only of Generation 2, there are no more stories of rebellion, and Israel prepares a second time to enter the Promised Land. Earlier that year Moses was denied entry into the Promised Land (Num 20:12-13), and he appoints Joshua to succeed him and to lead Israel into Canaan (Num 27:12-23). Israel takes revenge upon Midian (Num 31). Inheritances east of the Jordan River are requested and appointed to Reuben, Gad, and half the tribe of Manasseh (Num 32).

All of Deuteronomy 1-30 consists of a single covenant renewal address by Moses at age 120 (Deut 31:1) on Year 40, Month 11, Day 1 (Deut 1:3) at the conclusion of his life and of Israel's 40 years of wandering in the wilderness.

Deuteronomy 31-34 concludes with a few additional events over the last two months of Year 40, most of which are designed to ensure that Israel's covenant relationship with God will continue after Moses is gone. Joshua is appointed to succeed Moses and is blessed with a portion of Moses's spirit (Deut 31:3-8; 34:9). Moses finishes writing the Law and commands that it be read to the entire congregation of Israel so that it will not be forgotten during the Feast of Tabernacles in every seventh or Sabbatical year (Deut 31:9-13). Moses delivers his Song of Moses that is to be remembered and sung by Israel (Deut 32:44-47). Moses also leaves his last blessing upon the Twelve Tribes of Israel (Deut 33). Finally, Moses dies and is mourned for thirty days (Deut 34:5-8)

The book of Joshua then begins as Joshua leads Israel across the Jordan River on Year 41, Month 1, Day 10 (Josh 4:19), just 70 days after Moses's covenant renewal address in Deuteronomy 1-30.

A broader treatment of the history of ancient Israel is found at Old Testament: Historical Overview.

Discussion

This section is for detailed discussion such as the meaning of a symbol, how a doctrinal point is developed throughout a passage, or insights that can be further developed in the future. Contributions may range from polished paragraphs down to a single bullet point. The focus, however, should always be on understanding the scriptural text consistent with LDS doctrine. Click the "edit" link to edit or add content to this section. →

Two halves of Exodus

  • Deliverance and establishment. Exodus begins with Moses being delivered from destruction and then being commissioned as God's servant - to in turn deliver Israel. Like many books of scripture, Exodus can be viewed in two halves. In chapters 1-19, Israel is delivered from its submission to Pharoah and travels to Mount Sinai. In chapters 20-40 Israel is encamped at Mount Sinai and is established through the Sinai Covenant as a people in submission to God.

The Exodus theme

  • The Exodus Theme is one of the most prominent symbols in the scriptures.
Content. When the Iseraelites left Egypt, they left a land of relative plenty for a wilderness of great scarcity and hardship. They were given commandments, entered into a covenant relationship with the Lord, learned to be obedient, and evntually qualified to enter into a promised land of inheritance.
Application. The importance of the Exodus Theme derives from the fact that it applies to several important situations:
  • Israelites. The Israelites that Moses led through the wilderness are the model for this theme.
  • Lehi's family. Nephi draws many parallels in his account between the experience of the Israelites under Moses and the experience of his own family in traveling through the wilderness and learning through the things that they suffered before inheriting a land of promise.
  • Latter-day pioneers.
  • Adam and Eve. When Adam and Eve left the Garden of Eden, they also left a place of comfort but of limited opportunities for growth, and entered a land of hardship through which they could learn, develop, and qualify for a land of eternal inheritance in heaven.
  • Mankind. Likewise, all mankind, upon leaving the premortal realm for mortality, leave a place of comfort but limited opportunities for growth and embark on a time of hardship, through which they can grow and thereby qualify for a land of eternal inheritance in heaven. (See the discussion of growth and perfection at Matt 5:48).
  • Isaiah. One of the organizing structures in Isaiah is the three part theme of Trouble at Home, Exile Abroad, and Happy Homecoming. (See Isaiah).

Outline and page map

This section contains an outline for the entire book. Items in blue or purple text indicate hyperlinked pages that address specific portions of the book. Click the "edit" link to edit or add content to this section. →



I. Israel Enslaved, Delivered, and Gathered (Exodus 1-18)

● Israel in bondage, Moses delivered and commissioned (1-7a)

  • Pharoah brings Israel into bondage (1-2)
  • Pharaoh attempts to destroy Israel (1:1-22)
  • Israel is fruitful in Egypt (1:1-6)
  • First attempt to destroy Israel with rigorous service (1:7-14)
  • Second attempt to destroy Israel by killing sons at birth (1:15-21)
  • Third attempt to destroy Israel by casting sons into river (1:22)
  • Moses born and escapes destruction (2:1-22)
  • Moses born, cast upon river, and taken into Pharaoh's house (2:1-10)
  • Moses kills an Egyptian, escapes from Pharaoh to Midian (2:11-22)
  • Israel cries for deliverance, God remembers covenant (2:23-25)
  • God commissions Moses to Deliver Israel (3-4a)
  • Moses called out of the burning bush (3:1-6)
  • Moses commissioned to deliver Israel from Pharaoh (3:7-10)
  • Moses objects that he is unimportant, promise that God will be with him (3:11-22)
  • Moses objects that he will not be believed, given two signs and promised a third (4:1-9)
  • Moses objects that he is not eloquent, promise of a spokesman (4:10-17)
  • Moses returns to Egypt (4b)
  • Moses departs for Egypt (4:18-20)
  • God instructs Moses re interactions with Pharaoh (4:21-23)
  • Moses fails to circumcise his son (4:24-26)
  • Aaron meets Moses (4:27-28)
  • Moses and Aaron meet with Israel, Israel believes (4:29-31)
  • Pharaoh refuses to let Israel go, increases burden (5)
  • Pharaoh refuses to let Israel go (5:1-5)
  • Pharaoh increases Israel's burden to include gathering straw (5:6-9)
  • Taskmasters abuse Israel (5:10-14)
  • Israel complains to Pharaoh (5:15-19)
  • Israel complains to Moses (5:20-21)
  • Moses complains to God (5:22-6:1)
  • God reaffirms Moses's commission (6-7a)
  • Moses instructed to speak to Israel and Pharaoh (6:2-13)
  • Genealogy of priests from Levi to Aaron, Eleazar, and Phineas (6:14-27)
  • Pharaoh will harden his heart (6:28-7:7)


● Israel delivered from Egypt (7b-15a)

  • Miracle of serpents and plagues #1-9 (7b-10)
  • Miracle of serpents, Aaron's rod swallows Egyptians' rods (7:8-13)
  • First set of three plagues with Aaron's rod (7:14-8:19)
  • Second set of three plagues without rod (8:20-9:12)
  • Plague #4: flies (8:20-32)
  • Plague #5: sickness of cattle (9:1-7)
  • Plague #6: boils (9:8-12)
  • Third set of three plagues with Moses's rod (9:13-10:29)
  • Plague #10: Passover and departure (11-13a)
a. Plague #10 announced, Israel to borrow from Egyptians (11:1-10)
b. God instructs Moses re Passover lamb (12:1-13)
c. Passover to be observed annually in remembrance of deliverance (12:14-20)
b. Moses instructs Israel re Passover lamb (12:21-24)
c. Passover to be observed in Canaan in remembrance of deliverance (12:25-28)
a. Plague #10 occurs, Pharaoh frees Israel (12:29-42)
b. God instructs Moses re Passover observance, firstborn sanctified to God (12:43-13:2)
c. Passover to be observed and firstborn sanctified to God in Canaan in remembrance of deliverance (13:3-16)
  • Deliverance: Miracle of Egyptians swallowed up in Red Sea (13b-15a)
  • God leads Israel to Red Sea with cloud and pillar of fire (13:17-22)
  • Pharaoh pursues Israel to Red Sea (14:1-9)
  • God will fight for Israel (14:10-18)
  • Israel passes through on dry ground but Egyptians swallowed up in Red Sea (14:19-31)
  • Victory hymn (15:1-21)


● Murmuring along journey from Red Sea to Sinai (15b-18)

  • Murmuring, waters healed at Marah (15b) (15:22-27)
  • Murmuring, quail and manna provided in Wilderness of Sin (16)
  • God provides quail and manna (16:1-15a)
  • Violation of commandment re manna as daily bread (16:15b-21)
  • Violation of commandment re manna and sabbath observance (16:21-30)
  • Commandment to remember manna (16:31-36)
  • Murmuring, water provided at Horeb (17a) (17:1-7)
  • War with Amalek (17b) (17:8-16)
  • Jethro visits Moses (18)
  • Jethro brings Moses’s family (18:1-6)
  • Jethro praises God (18:7-12)
  • Jethro’s counsel re laws and subordinate rulers (18:13-27)


II. Sinai Covenant and Tabernacle: Israel commissioned (Exodus 19-40)

● Sinai Covenant revealed and accepted (19-24a)

  • Sinai Covenant revealed and accepted in general terms (19a)
  • Arrival at Sinai, covenant condition to obey God's voice and promises to be God's peculiar people and a holy nation of priests (19:1-6)
  • Israel accepts covenant (19:7-8)
  • Moses's authority to intermediate with God (19b-20a)
  • Israel prepares three days to hear God's voice (19:9-15)
  • Lord descends on Sinai, Israel approaches and threatens to break through (19:16-25)
  • Ten Commandments revealed (20:1-17)
  • Israel retreats and requests that Moses speak with God for it (20:18-21)
  • Sinai Covenant revealed and accepted in specific terms (20b-24a)
  • No other gods, and covenant laws (20:22-21:1)
  • Hebrew slaves (21:2-11)
  • Capital offenses, murder, enslavement, disrespecting parents (21:12-17)
  • Assault (21:18-27)
  • Damage by and to oxen (21:28-36)
  • Theft, bailment, loss, and disputed ownership of property (22:1-15)
  • Sexual purity and idolatry (22:16-20)
  • Treatment of the needy and defenseless (22:21-27)
  • Respect for God and rulers (22:28-31)
  • No false witness (23:1-3)
  • Assisting enemies (23:4-5)
  • Proper justice (23:6-9)
  • Sabbaths and annual feasts (23:10-19)
  • Covenant condition to serve only God and promises of health and complete possession (23:20-33)
  • Israel accepts covenant (24:1-11)


● Tabernacle and priesthood revealed (24b-31)

  • Tabernacle (24b-27a)
  • Moses ascends the summit for 40 days to receive law and stone tablets (24:12-18)
  • Instruction to build tabernacle (25:1-9)
  • Vessels: ark of the covenant and mercy seat (25:10-22)
  • Vessels: table of showbread (25:23-30)
  • Vessels: menorah lamps (25:31-40)
  • Hangings: linen curtains of the tabernacle (26:1-6)
  • Hangings: outer covering of the tabernacle (26:7-14)
  • Supports: boards, sockets, and bars of the tabernacle (26:15-30)
  • Hangings: two veils (26:31-37)
  • Vessels: bronze altar of sacrifice for outer court (27:1-8)
  • Supports and Hangings: outer court (27:9-19)
  • Priests (27b-29)
  • Priests to keep lamps burning with olive oil (27:20-21)
  • Aaron's line chosen as priests, priestly clothing (28:1-5)
  • Ephod (28:6-14)
  • Breastplate (28:15-30)
  • Robe (28:31-35)
  • Golden plate (28:36-38)
  • Tunic, turban, sash (28:39-43)
  • Washing, anointing, and dressing Aaron and his sons (29:1-9)
  • Sacrifice: sin offering of the bull (29:10-14)
  • Sacrifice: burnt offering of the first ram (29:15-18)
  • Sacrifice: Wave or burnt offering of the second ram (29:19-25)
  • Wave and heave offerings, priesthood succession (29:26-30)
  • Eating the sacrifice (29:31-34)
  • Seven days of atonement (29:35-37)
  • Daily sacrifice of the congregation, God to dwell with Israel (29:38-46)
  • Miscellaneous (30-31)


● Sinai Covenant broken and renewed (32-34)

  • Israel worships the golden calf, Moses's first intercession (32a)
  • Israel makes and worships the golden calf (32:1-6)
  • Moses's first intercession that God not destroy Israel (32:7-14)
  • Moses punishes Israel, Moses's second intercession (32b)
  • Moses destroys stone tablets, punishes Israel for golden calf, and confronts Aaron (32:15-29)
  • Moses's second intercession that God not blot out Israel from his book (32:30-35)
  • God punishes Israel, Moses's third intercession (33)
  • God refuses to lead Israel into Canaan (33:1-6)
  • Moses speaks face to face with God outside the camp (33:7-11)
  • Moses’s third intercession that God travel with Israel into Canaan, sees God's glory (33:12-23)
  • Sinai Covenant Renewed (34)
  • Moses replaces stone tablets, God announces his name (34:1-9)
  • Covenant promise of complete possession renewed (34:10-11)
  • No idols, foreign alliances, or intermarriage (34:12-17)
  • Observance of sabbaths and three annual feasts (34:18-26)
  • Covenant renewed, Moses writes the words of the covenant (34:27-28)
  • Moses's face shines (34:29-35)


● Tabernacle and priests implemented and accepted (35-40)

  • Offerings for construction of the tabernacle (35-36a)
  • Tabernacle and Vessels Made (35b-38)
  • Hangings: curtains for tabernacle walls (36:8-19)
  • Supports: boards for tabernacle walls (36:20-34)
  • Hangings: veil and door (36:35-38)
  • Vessels: ark of the covenant (37:1-9)
  • Vessels: table of showbread (37:10-16)
  • Vessels: menorah lamp (37:17-24)
  • Vessels: altar of incense ((37:25-29)
  • Vessels: altar of burnt offering for outer courtyard (38:1-7)
  • Vessels: bronze basin for outer courtyard (38:8)
  • Supports and hangings: walls of courtyard (38:9-20)
  • Quantity of metals used (38:21-31)
  • Priestly clothing made (39a)
  • Tabernacle completed and accepted (39b-40)
  • Moses inspects and approves tabernacle (39:32-43)
  • God's instruction to erect tabernacle (40:1-16)
  • Tabernacle is erected (40:17-33)
  • God accepts tabernacle with his glory (40:34-38)

Unanswered questions

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Prompts for life application

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Prompts for further study

This section is for prompts that invite us to think about a passage more deeply or in a new way. These are not necessarily questions that beg for answers, but rather prompts along the lines of "Have you ever thought about ..." Prompts are most helpful when they are developed individually, thoughtfully, and with enough background information to clearly indicate a particular direction for further study or thought. Click the "edit" link to edit or add content to this section. →

Resources

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Translations and Lexicons.

Related passages that interpret or shed light on Exodus

  • The Joseph Smith Translation made changes to the following verses in Exodus. This list is complete:[7]
  • Exo 1:1
  • Exo 3:2-3
  • Exo 4:21, 24-27
  • Exo 5:4
  • Exo 6:3-4, 8, 12, 14, 26-30
  • Exo 7:1-4, 9, 13
  • Exo 9:12, 17
  • Exo 10:1, 20, 27
  • Exo 11:8-10
  • Exo 12:33, 37
  • Exo 14:4, 8, 17, 20
  • Exo 18:1
  • Exo 20:23
  • Exo 21:8, 20-21
  • Exo 22:18, 28
  • Exo 23:1
  • Exo 27:8
  • Exo 32:1, 12, 14, 23, 35
  • Exo 33:1, 3, 20-23
  • Exo 34:1-2, 4, 7, 14, 35

References cited on this page.

  • Wayment, Thomas A., ed. The Complete Joseph Smith Translation of the Old Testament, p. 114-24. Salt Lake City: Deseret Book Co., 2009. (ISBN 1606411314) BX8630.A2 2009

Other resources.

Notes

Footnotes are not required but are encouraged for factual assertions that average readers cannot easily evaluate for themselves (such as the date of King Solomon’s death or the nuanced definition of a Greek word). In contrast, insights rarely benefit from footnoting, and the focus of this page should always remain on the scriptures themselves rather than what someone has said about them. Links are actively encouraged on all sections of this page, and links to authoritative sources (such as Strong's Bible Concordance or the Joseph Smith Papers) are preferable to footnotes.

  1. Steinmann, From Abraham to Paul, 80-81.
  2. Steinmann, From Abraham to Paul, 80-82.
  3. Steinmann, From Abraham to Paul, 82.
  4. Steinmann, From Abraham to Paul, 82.
  5. Steinmann, From Abraham to Paul, 83.
  6. Steinmann, From Abraham to Paul, 83.
  7. Wayment, The Complete Joseph Smith Translation of the Old Testament, p. 114-24.

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